References
1. Rasmusson, E. M., P. A. Arkin, 1993: A global view of large-scale precipitation variability. J. Climate, 6, 1495-1522.
2. Madden, R., P. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702-708.
3. Madden, R., P. R. Julian, 1972: Description of global scale circulation cells in the Tropics with 40–50 day period. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109-1123.
4. Madden, R. A., P. R. Julian, 1994: Observations of the 40-50-day tropical oscillation - A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 814-837.
5. Maloney, E. D., D. L. Hartmann, 1998: Frictional moisture convergence in a composite life cycle of the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 11, 2387-2403.
6. Zhang, C., 2005: Madden-Julian oscillation. Rev. Geophys., 43.
7. Hendon, H. H., B. Liebmann, 1990: The intraseasonal (30-50 day) oscillation of the Australian summer monsoon. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2909-2923.
8. Hendon, H. H., B. Liebmann, 1990: A composite study of onset of the Australian summer monsoon. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2227-2240.
9. McBride, J. L., W. M. Frank, 1999: Relationships between stability and monsoon convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 24-36.
10. Rui, H., B. Wang, 1990: Development characteristics and dynamic structure of tropical intraseasonal convection anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 357-379.
11. Salby, M. L., H. H. Hendon, 1994: Intraseasonal behavior of clouds, temperature, and motion in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2207-2224.
12. Hendon, H. H., C. Zhang, and J. D. Glick, 1999: Interannual variation of the Madden-Julian oscillation during austral summer. J. Climate, 12, 2538-2550.
13. Matsuno, T., 1966: Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 44, 25-43.
14. Gill, A. E., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 106, 447-462.
15. Hu, Q., D. A. Randall, 1995: Low-frequency oscillations in radiative-convective systems: An idealized model. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 478-490.
16. Kiladis, G. N., M. C. Wheeler, P. T. Haertel, and P. E. Roundy, 2009: Convectively coupled equatorial waves. Rev. Geophys., 47, RG2003.
17. Zhang, C., H. H. Hendon, 1997: Propagating and standing components of the intraseasonal oscillation in tropical convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 741-752.
18. Yamagata, T., Y. Hayashi, 1984: Simple diagnostic model for the 30-50-day oscillation in the Tropics. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 709-717.
19. Salby, M. L., R. R. Garcia, 1987: Transient response to localized episodic heating in the Tropics, Pt. 1, Excitation and short-time near-field behavior. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 458-498.
20. Yu, J., J. D. Neelin, 1994: Modes of tropical variability under convective adjustment and the Madden-Julian oscillation. Part II: Numerical results. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1895-1914.
21. Majda, A. J., J. A. Biello, 2004: A multiscale model for tropical intraseasonal oscillations. P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 101, 4736-4741.
22. Frederiksen, J. S., C. S. Frederiksen, 1997: Mechanisms of the formation of intraseasonal oscillations and Australian monsoon disturbances: the roles of convection, barotropic and baroclinic instability. Beitraege zur Physik der Atmosphaere., 70, 39-56.
23. Liebmann, B., D. L. Hartmann, 1984: Observational study of tropical-midlatitude interaction on intraseasonal time scales during winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3333-3350.
24. Ghil, M., K. Mo, 1991: Intraseasonal oscillations in the global atmosphere. Part I: Northern Hemisphere and tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 752-779.
25. Ooyama, K. V., 1963: Hurricane development. Proc. Technical Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Mexico, 6-12 June, 1963.
26. Charney, J. G., A. Eliassen, 1964: On the Growth of the Hurricane Depression. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 68-75.
27. Lindzen, R. S., 1974: Wave-CISK in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 156-179.
28. Chang, C. P., H. Lim, 1988: Kelvin wave-CISK: a possible mechanism for the 30-50-day oscillations. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1709-1720.
29. Salby, M. L., R. R. Garcia, and H. H. Hendon, 1994: Planetary-scale circulations in the presence of climatological and wave-induced heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2344-2367.
30. Hendon, H. H., M. L. Salby, 1994: The life cycle of the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2225-2237.
31. Moskowitz, B. M., C. S. Bretherton, 2000: An analysis of frictional feedback on a moist equatorial Kelvin mode. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2188-2206.
32. Emanuel, K. A., J. D. Neelin, and C. S. Bretherton, 1994: On large-scale circulations in convecting atmospheres. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1111-1143.
33. Emanuel, K. A., 1987: Air-sea interaction model of intraseasonal oscillations in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2324-2340.
34. Zhang, C., 1996: Atmospheric intraseasonal variability at the surface in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 739-758.
35. Wang, B., T. Li, 1994: Convective interaction with boundary-layer dynamics in the development of a tropical intraseasonal system. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1386-1400.
36. Nakazawa, T., 1988: Tropical super clusters within intraseasonal variations over the western Pacific. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 66, 823-839.
37. Maddox, R. A., 1980: Meoscale Convective Complexes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 61, 1374-1387.
38. Aiyyer, A., J. Molinari, 2008: MJO and tropical cyclogenesis in the Gulf of Mexico and Eastern Pacific: Case study and idealized numerical modeling. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2691-2704.
39. Liebmann, B., H. H. Hendon, and J. D. Glick, 1994: The relationship between tropical cyclones of the western Pacific and Indian oceans and the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 401-412.
40. Maloney, E. D., D. L. Hartmann, 2000: Modulation of hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico by the Madden-Julian oscillation. Science, 287, 2002-2004.
41. Maloney, E. D., D. L. Hartmann, 2000: Modulation of eastern North Pacific hurricanes by the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 13, 1451-1460.
42. Evans, J. L., A. Jaskiewicz, 2001: Satellite–based monitoring of intraseasonal variations in tropical Pacific and Atlantic convection. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1511-1514.
43. Kessler, W. S., M. J. McPhaden, and K. M. Weickmann, 1995: Forcing of intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10613-10631.
44. Lau, K., P. H. Chan, 1985: Aspects of the 40-50-day oscillation during the northern winter as inferred from outgoing long-wave radiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1889-1909.
45. Fink, A., P. Speth, 1997: Some potential forcing mechanisms of the year-to-year variability of the tropical convection and its intraseasonal (25-70-day) variability. Int. J. Climatol., 17, 1513-1534.
46. Slingo, J. M., D. P. Rowell, K. R. Sperber, and F. Nortley, 1999: On the predictability of the interannual behaviour of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and its relationship to El Niño. Conference on the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE), Boulder, Colorado, USA, 7-14 July 1998, COARE-98: proceedings of a conference on the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE), Boulder, Colorado, USA, (TRUNCATED), 335-336.
47. Whitaker, J. S., K. M. Weickmann, 2001: Subseasonal Variations of Tropical Convection and Week-2 Prediction of Wintertime Western North American Rainfall. J. Climate, 14, 3279-3288.
48. Wheeler, M., G. N. Kiladis, 1999: Convectively coupled equatorial waves: analysis of clouds and temperature in the wavenumber-frequency domain. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 374-399.
49. Wheeler, M. C., K. M. Weickmann, 2001: Real-Time Monitoring and Prediction of Modes of Coherent Synoptic to Intraseasonal Tropical Variability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2677-2694.
50. Wheeler, M. C., H. H. Hendon, 2004: An All-Season Real-Time Multivariate MJO Index: Development of an Index for Monitoring and Prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1917-1932.
51. Gill, A. E., 1982: Studies of moisture effects in simple atmospheric models: The stable case. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 19, 119-152.
52. Frank, W. M., P. E. Roundy, 2006: The role of tropical waves in tropical cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2397-2417.
53. Dickinson, M., J. Molinari, 2002: Mixed Rossby–gravity waves and Western Pacific tropical cyclogenesis. Part I: Synoptic evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2183-2196.
54. Straub, K. H., G. N. Kiladis, 2003: The observed xtructure of convectively coupled Kelvin waves: Comparison with simple models of coupled wave instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1655-1668.
55. Wheeler, M., G. N. Kiladis, and P. J. Webster, 2000: Large-scale dynamical fields associated with convectively coupled equatorial waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 613-640.
56. Yang, G., B. Hoskins, and J. Slingo, 2007: Convectively coupled equatorial waves. Part II: Propagation characteristics. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3424-3437.
57. Roundy, P. E., 2008: Analysis of convectively coupled Kelvin waves in the Indian Ocean MJO. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1342-1359.
58. Dunkerton, T. J., F. X. Crum, 1995: Eastward propagating similar to 2- to 15-day equatorial convection and its relation to the tropical intraseasonal oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25781-25790.
59. Rossby, C., 1939: Relation between variations in the intensity of the zonal circulation of the atmosphere and the displacements of the semi-permanent centers of action. J. Mar. Res., 2, 38-55.
60. Haltiner, G. J., R. T. Williams, 1980: Numerical prediction and dynamic meteorology. N.Y., John Wiley & Sons, 477.
61. Lindzen, R.S., 2003: The Interaction of Waves and Convection in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 3009–3020.
62. Wheeler, M. C., 2002: Tropical Meteorology: Equatorial Waves. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, J. Holton, J. Curry and J. Pyle, Eds., Academic Press, 2313-2325.
63. Roundy, P. E., W. M. Frank, 2004: A climatology of waves in the equatorial region. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2105-2132.
64. Kiladis, G. N., M. Wheeler, 1995: Horizontal and vertical structure of observed tropospheric equatorial Rossby waves. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22981-22998.
65. Bessafi, M., M. C. Wheeler, 2006: Modulation of South Indian Ocean tropical cyclones by the Madden-Julian oscillation and convectively coupled dquatorial waves. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 638-656.
66. Molinari, J., K. Lombardo, and D. Vollaro, 2007: Tropical cyclogenesis within an equatorial Rossby wave packet. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1301-1317.
67. Roundy, P. E., C. J. Schreck III, 2009: A combined wavenumber–frequency and time exctended EOF approach for tracking the progress of modes of large-scale organized convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 161-173.
68. Yang, G., B. Hoskins, and J. Slingo, 2007: Convectively coupled equatorial waves. Part I: Horizontal and vertical structures. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3406-3423.
69. McPhaden, M. J., 2002: El Niño and La Niña: Causes and global consequences. Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Anonymous John Wiley and Sons, LTD, 353-370.
70. Walker, G. T., E. W. Bliss, 1932: World weather V. Mem. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 4, 53-84.
71. Philander, S. G. H., 1990; 1990: El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. Inc., 289.
72. Trenberth, K. E., 1997: The definition of El Niño. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2771-2777.
73. Hanley, D. E., M. A. Bourassa, J. J. O'Brien, S. R. Smith, and E. R. Spade, 2003: A quantitative evaluation of ENSO indices. J. Climate, 16, 1249-1258.
74. Larkin, N. K., D. E. Harrison, 2002: ENSO warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) event life cycles: Ocean surface anomaly patterns, their symmetries, asymmetries, and implications. J. Climate, 15, 1118-1140.
75. Troup, A. J., 1965: The Southern Oscillation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 490, 506.
76. Neelin, J. D., D. S. Battisti, A. C. Hirst, F. Jin, Y. Wakata, T. Yamagata, and S. E. Zebiak, 1998: ENSO theory. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14261-14290.
77. Bjerknes, J., 1969: Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 163-172.
78. Kessler, W. S., 2002: Is ENSO a cycle or a series of events? Geophys. Res. Lett., 29.
79. Verbickas, S., 1998: Westerly wind bursts in the tropical Pacific. Weather, 53, 282-284.
80. Seiki, A., Y. N. Takayabu, 2007: Westerly wind bursts and their relationship with intraseasonal variations and ENSO. Part II: Energetics over the western and central Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 3346-3361.
81. Wyrtki, K., 1975: El Niño dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 572-584.
82. Wyrtki, K., 1979: Response of seasurface topography to the 1976 El Niño. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 1223-1231.
83. Roundy, P. E., G. N. Kiladis, 2006: Observed relationships between oceanic Kelvin waves and atmospheric forcing. J. Climate, 19, 5253-5272.
84. Battisti, D. S., A. C. Hirst, 1989: Interannual variability in a tropical atmosphere ocean model - influence of the basic state, scean geometry and nonlinearity. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1687-1712.
85. Schopf, P. S., M. J. Suarez, 1988: Vacillations in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 549-566.
86. Li, B., A. J. Clarke, 1994: An examination of some ENSO mechanisms using interannual sea level at the eastern and western equatorial boundaries and the zonally averaged equatorial wind. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 681-690.
87. Mantua, N. J., D. S. Battisti, 1994: Evidence for the delayed oscillator mechanism for ENSO: the "observed'' oceanic Kelvin mode in the far western Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 691-699.
88. Lindzen, R. S., S. Nigam, 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436.
89. Suarez, M. J., P. S. Schopf, 1988: Delayed action oscillator for ENSO. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3283-3287.
90. Sheinbaum, J., 2003: Current theories on El Niño-Southern Oscillation: A review. Geofís. Int., 42, 291-305.
91. Penland, C., T. Magorian, 1993: Prediction of Niño 3 sea-surface temperatures using linear inverse modeling. J. Climate, 6, 1067-1076.
92. Jin, F., 1997: An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO. Part I: Conceptual model. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 811-829.
93. Meinen, C. S., M. J. McPhaden, 2000: Observations of warm water volume changes in the equatorial Pacific and their relationship to El Niño and La Niña. J. Climate, 13, 3551-3559.
94. Weisberg, R. H., C. Wang, 1997: A western Pacific oscillator paradigm for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 779-782.
95. Picaut, J., F. Masia, and Y. du Penhoat, 1997: An advective-reflective conceptual model for the oscillatory nature of the ENSO. Science, 277, 663-666.
96. Wang, C., 2001: A unified oscillator model for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 14, 98-115.
97. Wolter, K., M. S. Timlin, 1993: Monitoring ENSO in COADS with a seasonally adjusted principal component index. Proc. 17th Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Norman, OK, University of Oklahoma, 52-57.
98. Wolter, K., M. S. Timlin, 1998: Measuring the strength of ENSO events: how does 1997/98 rank? Weather, 53, 315-324.
99. Magnun, L. J., D. C. McClurg, L. D. Stratton, N. N. Soreide, and M. J. McPhaden, 1998: The tropical atmosphere ocean (TAO) array world wide web site. [Available online at http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/proj_over/pubs/argos.html].
100. Kousky, V. E., R. W. Higgins, 2007: An alert classification system for monitoring and assessing the ENSO cycle. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 353-371.
101. Servain, J., A. J. Busalacchi, M. J. McPhaden, A. D. Moura, G. Reverdin, M. Vianna, and S. E. Zebiak, 1998: A pilot research moored array in the tropical atlantic (PIRATA). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 2019-2031.
102. Bourles, B., R. Lumpkin, M. J. McPhaden, F. Hernandez, P. Nobre, E. Campos, L. Yu, S. Planton, A. Busalacchi, A. D. Moura, J. Servain, and J. Trotte, 2008: The pirata program: History, accomplishments, and future directions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 1111-1125.
103. Barnston, A. G., M. Chelliah, and S. B. Goldenberg, 1997: Documentation of a highly ENSO-related SST region in the Equatorial Pacific. Atmosphere-Ocean, Ontario, Canada, 35, 367-383.
104. International Research Institute for Climate Prediction (IRI), 2003: ENSO Web. [Available online at http://iri.columbia.edu/climate/ENSO/currentinfo/QuickLook.html].
105. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 2003: NOAA gets U.S. consensus for El Niño/La Niña index, definitions. Press Release NOAA 03-119. [Available online at http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2003/sep03/noaa03119.html].
106. Smith, T. M., R. W. Reynolds, T. C. Peterson, and J. Lawrimore, 2008: Improvements to NOAA's historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006). J. Climate, 21, 2283-2296.
107. Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Marine Dept, 1991: Climate charts of sea surface temperatures of the western North Pacific and the Global Ocean. Japan Meteorological Agency, 51 pp.
108. Rasmusson, E. M., T. H. Carpenter, 1982: Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 354-384.
109. Ropelewski, C. F., M. S. Halpert, 1987: Global- and regional-scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1606-1626.
110. Ropelewski, C. F., M. S. Halpert, 1989: Precipitation patterns associated with the high-index phase of the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 2, 268-284.
111. Barriga, E., R. Quiroy, 2002: Impacts of El Niño and La Niña events on the populations of clam (Mesodesma Donacium, Lamarck 1818) along the southern Peruvian coast. Investig. Mar, 30, 134-135.
112. Ropelewski, C. F., M. S. Halpert, 1996: Quantifying Southern Oscillation-precipitation relationships. J. Climate, 9, 1043-1059.
113. Kousky, V. E., M. T. Kagano, and I. F. A. Cavalcanti, 1984: Review of the Southern Oscillation: oceanic-atmospheric circulation changes and related rainfall anomalies. Tellus, 36, 490-504.
114. Trenberth, K. E., G. W. Branstator, D. Karoly, A. Kumar, N. Lau, and C. Ropelewski, 1998: Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14291-14324.
115. Ropelewski, C. F., M. S. Halpert, 1986: North American precipitation and temperature patterns associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 2352-2362.
116. Green, P. M., D. M. Legler, C. J. Miranda V, and J. J. O'Brien, 1997: The North American climate patterns associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation: Center for ocean-atmosphere prediction studies. [Available online at http://www.coaps.fsu.edu/lib/booklet/].
117. Halpert, M. S., C. F. Ropelewski, 1992: Surface temperature patterns associated with the Southern Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 5, 577-593.
118. Smith, S. R., D. M. Legler, M. J. Remigio, and J. J. O'Brien, 1999: Comparison of 1997-98 U.S. temperature and precipitation anomalies to historical ENSO warm phases. J. Climate, 12, 3507-3515.
119. Higgins, R. W., A. Leetmaa, and V. E. Kousky, 2002: Relationships between climate variability and winter temperature extremes in the United States. J. Climate, 15, 1555-1572.
120. Kunkel, K. E., J. R. Angel, 1999: Relationship of ENSO to snowfall and related cyclone activity in the contiguous United States. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 19425-19434.
121. Angell, J. K., J. Korshover, 1987: Variability in United-States cloudiness and its relation to El-Niño. J. Clim. Appl. Met., 26, 580-584.
122. Agee, E., S. Zurn-Birkhimer, 1998: Variations in USA tornado occurrences during El Niño and La Niña. Proc. 19th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Minneapolis, MN, American Meteorological Society, 287-290.
123. Hagemeyer, B. C., 1998: Significant extratropical tornado occurrences in Florida during strong El Niño and strong La Niña events. Proc. 19th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Minneapolis, MN, American Meteorological Society, 412-415.
124. Schaefer, J. T., F. B. Tatom, 1998: The relationship between El Niño, La Niña, and United States tornadoes. Proc. 19th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Minneapolis, MN, American Meteorological Society, 416-419.
125. Gray, W. M., 1984: Atlantic seasonal hurricane frequency. Part I: El Niño and the 30mb quasi-biennial oscillation influences. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1649-1668.
126. Pielke, R. A.,Jr, C. N. Landsea, 1999: La Niña, El Niño, and Atlantic hurricane damages in the United States. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 2027-2033.
127. LaJoie, M., A. Laing, 2008: The influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on cloud-to-ground lightning activity along the Gulf Coast. Part I: Lightning climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2523-2542.
128. Cayan, D. R., 1996: Interannual climate variability and snowpack in the western United States. J. Climate, 9, 928-948.
129. Harrison, M., C. F. Meindl, 2001: A statistical relationship between El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Florida wildfire occurrence. Phys. Geogr., 22, 187-203.
130. Laing, A. G., C. H. Paxton, 2002: Assessment of wildfire environments in Florida during 1998. Proc. Papers of the Applied Geography Conferences, Binghampton, NY, Applied Geography Conferences, 285-293.
131. Harrison, D. E., N. K. Larkin, 1998: Seasonal U.S. temperature and precipitation anomalies associated with El Niño: historical results and comparison with 1997-98. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3959-3962.
132. Tartaglione, C. A., S. R. Smith, and J. J. O'Brien, 2003: ENSO impact on hurricane landfall probabilities for the Caribbean. J. Climate, 16, 2925-2931.
133. Shapiro, L. J., 1989: Relationship of the quasi-biennial oscillation to Atlantic tropical storm activity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1545-1552.
134. Magaña, V. O., J. L. Vázquez, J. L. Pérez, and J. B. Pérez, 2003: Impact of El Niño on precipitation in Mexico. Geofís. Int., 42, 313-330.
135. Hoerling, M. P., A. Kumar, 2002: Atmospheric response patterns associated with tropical forcing. J. Climate, 15, 2184-2203.
136. Wallace, J. M., D. S. Gutzler, 1981: Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the northern hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 784-812.
137. Zhang, Y., J. M. Wallace, and N. Iwasaka, 1996: Is climate variability over the North Pacfic a linear response to ENSO? J. Climate, 9, 1468-1478.
138. Hagemeyer, B. C., 2006: ENSO, PNA and NAO Scenarios for extreme storminess, rainfall and temperature variability during the Florida dry season. 18. Conf. on Climate Variability and Change (86. AMS Annual Meeting), Atlanta, GA (USA), 28 Jan-3 Feb 2006, Vol. 18, American Meteorological Society.
139. Zebiak, S. E., M. A. Cane, 1987: Model El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2262-2278.
140. Cane, M. A., S. E. Zebiak, 1989: Dynamical forecasts of the 1986-1987 ENSO with a coupled model. Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, 13th, Cambridge, MA., Oct.31-Nov.4, 1988, Proceedings, U.S.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service, March, 1989, , 278-282.
141. Wang, H., R. Zhang, J. COLE, and F. CHAVEZ, 1999: El Niño and the related phenomenon Southern Oscillation (ENSO): The largest signal in interannual climate variation. P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 96, 11071-11072.
142. McPhaden, M. J., 1999: Genesis and evolution of the 1997-98 El Niño. Science, 283, 950-954.
143. Kousky, V. E., 1997: Warm (El Niño) episode conditions return to the tropical Pacific. Mariners Weather Log 41, 1 (Spring), 4-7.
144. Zhang, Y., J. M. Wallace, and D. S. Battisti, 1997: ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900-93. J. Climate, 10, 1004-1020.
145. Baldwin, M.P., L.J. Gray, T.J. Dunkerton, K. Hamilton, P.H. Haynes, W.J. Randel, J.R. Holton, M.J. Alexander, I. Hirota, T. Horinouchi, D.B.A. Jones, J.S. Kinnersley, C. Marquardt, K. Sato, and M. Takahashi, 2001: The quasi-biennial oscillation. Rev. Geophys. 39, 179-229.
146. Hastenrath, S., 2007: Equatorial zonal circulations: Historical perspectives. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 43, 16-24.
147. Reed, R. J., W. J. Campbell, L. A. Rasmussen, and D. G. Rogers, 1961: Evidence of a downward-propagating annual wind reversal in the equatorial stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 66, 813-818.
148. Angell, J. K., J. Korshover, 1962: The biennial wind and temperature oscillations of the equatorial stratosphere and their possible extension to higher latitudes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 90, 127-132.
149. Angell, J. K., J. Korshover, 1964: Quasi-biennial variations in temperature, total ozone, and tropopause height. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 479-492.
150. Kodera, K., K. Yamazaki, M. Chiba, and K. Shibata, 1990: Downward propagation of upper stratospheric mean zonal wind perturbation to the troposphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 1263-1266.
151. Swinbank, R., A. O'Neill, 1994: A stratosphere-troposphere data assimilation system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 686-702.
152. Angell, J. K., J. Korshover, and G. F. Cotten, 1969: Quasi-biennial variations in the "centers of action". Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 867-872.
153. Seol, D., K. Yamazaki, 1998: QBO and Pinatubo signals in the mass flux at 100 hPa and stratospheric circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1641-1644.
154. Holton, J. R., H. Tan, 1980: Influence of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation on the global circulation at 50 mb. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2200-2208.
155. Hatsushika, H., K. Yamazaki, 2001: Interannual variations of temperature and vertical motion at the tropical tropopause associated with ENSO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2891-2894.
156. Chan, J. C. L., 1995: Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Western North Pacific in Relation to the Stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2567-2571.
157. Landsea, C. W., W. M. Gray, 1992: The strong association between Western Sahelian monsoon rainfall and intense Atlantic hurricanes. J. Climate, 5, 435-453.
158. Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. W. Mielke Jr, and K. J. Berry, 1992: Predicting Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity 6-11 months in advance. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 440-455.
159. Plumb, R. A., 1977: Interaction of two internal waves with the mean flow, implications for the theory of the quasi-biennial oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1847-1858.
160. Hare, S. R., R. C. Francis, 1995: Climate change and salmon production in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Can. spec. Pub. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 121, 357-372.
161. Mantua, N. J., S. R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace, and R. C. Francis, 1997: A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 1069-1079.
162. Webb, R., R. Hereford, and G. McCabe, 2005: Climatic fluctuations, drought, and flow in the Colorado River. USGS Information Services, 57-68 pp.
163. McCabe, G. J., M. A. Palecki, and L. Betancourt, 2004: Pacific and Atlantic Ocean influences on multidecadal drought frequency in the United States. Proc. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 4136-4141.
164. Goldenberg, S. B., C. W. Landses, A. M. Mestas-Nunez, and W. M. Gray, 2001: The recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity: Causes and implications. Science, 293, 474-479.
165. Hurrell, J. W., Y. Kushnir, M. Visbeck, and G. Ottersen, 2003: An overview of the North Atlantic oscillation. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climate Significance and Environmental Impact, 134, Geophysical Monograph Series, 35.
166. Enfield, D. B., D. A. Mayer, 1997: Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability and its relation to El niño-Southern Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 929-945.
167. Chiang, J. C. H., Y. Kushnir, and S. E. Zebiak, 2000: Interdecadal changes in eastern Pacific ITCZ variability and its influence on the Atlantic ITCZ. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3687-3690.
168. James, I. N., 1994: Introduction to Circulating Atmospheres. Cambridge University Press, 422 pp.
169. Abramowitz. M, and I. A. Stegun (eds.), 1972: Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. U.S. National Bureau of Standards, Applied Mathematics Series - 55, Department of Commerce, 1046 pp.